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Richard Evans Schultes (''SHULL-tees'';〔Jonathan Kandell, (Richard E. Schultes, 86, Dies; Trailblazing Authority on Hallucinogenic Plants ), ''The New York Times'', April 13, 2001, Accessed March 11, 2015.〕 January 12, 1915 – April 10, 2001) was an American biologist. He may be considered the father of modern ethnobotany, for his studies of indigenous peoples' (especially the indigenous peoples of the Americas) uses of plants, including especially entheogenic or hallucinogenic plants (particularly in Mexico and the Amazon), for his lifelong collaborations with chemists, and for his charismatic influence as an educator at Harvard University on a number of students and colleagues who went on to write popular books and assume influential positions in museums, botanical gardens, and popular culture. His book ''The Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers'' (1979), co-authored with chemist Albert Hofmann, the discoverer of LSD, is considered his greatest popular work: it has never been out of print and was revised into an expanded second edition, based on a German translation by Christian Rätsch (1998), in 2001.〔(Review of the expanded edition )〕 ==Biography== Schultes was born in Boston, his father was a plumber and his mother was a homemaker.〔 He grew up and was schooled in East Boston.〔(Richard Evans Schultes: Memorial Minute ), ''Harvard Gazette'', September 18, 2003, Accessed March 11, 2015.〕 His interest in South American rain forests traced back to his childhood: while he was bedridden, his parents read him excerpts of ''Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and the Andes,'' by 19th century English botanist Richard Spruce.〔 He received a full scholarship to Harvard.〔 On entering Harvard in 1933, Schultes initially planned to pursue medicine. However that direction changed after he took Biology 104, "Plants and Human Affairs," taught by orchidologist and Director of the Harvard Botanical Museum Oakes Ames.〔 Ames became a mentor, and Schultes became an assistant in the Botanical Museum; his undergraduate senior thesis studied the ritual use of peyote cactus among the Kiowa of Oklahoma, and he obtained BA in Biology in 1937.〔〔 Continuing at Harvard as a graduate student under Ames, he completed his Master of Arts in Biology in 1938 and his Ph.D. in Botany in 1941. Schultes's doctoral thesis investigated the lost identity of the Mexican hallucinogenic plants teonanácatl (various mushrooms belonging to the ''Psilocybe'' genus) and ololiuqui (a morning glory species) in Oaxaca, Mexico.〔 He received a fellowship from the National Research Council to study the plants used to make curare.〔 The entry of the United States into World War II saw Schultes diverted to the search for wild disease-resistant ''Hevea'' rubber species in an effort to free the United States from dependence on Southeast Asian rubber plantations which had become unavailable owing to Japanese occupation. In early 1942, as a field agent for the governmental Rubber Development Corporation, Schultes began work on rubber and concurrently undertook research on Amazonian ethnobotany, under a Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.〔 Schultes's botanical fieldwork among native American communities led him to be one of the first to alert the world about destruction of the Amazon rainforest and the disappearance of its native people. He collected over 30,000 herbarium specimens (including 300 species new to science) and published numerous ethnobotanical discoveries including the source of the dart poison known as curare, now commonly employed as a muscle relaxant during surgery.〔 He was the first to academically examine ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew made out of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' vine in combination with various plants; of which he identified ''Psychotria viridis'' (Chacruna) and ''Diplopterys cabrerana'' (Chaliponga), both of which contained a potent short-acting hallucinogen, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT).〔Tedd Mann, (Magnificent Visions ), ''Vanity Fair'', December 2011, Accessed March 11, 2015.〕 In his travels he lived with the indigenous peoples and viewed them with respect and felt tribal chiefs as gentlemen; he understood the languages of the Witoto and Makuna peoples.〔〔 He encountered dangers in his travels, including hunger, beriberi, repeated bouts of malaria, and near drowning.〔 Schultes became curator of Harvard's Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium in 1953, curator of Economic Botany in 1958, and professor of biology in 1970. His ever-popular undergraduate course on economic botany was noted for his Victorian demeanor, lectures delivered in a white lab coat, insistence on memorization of systematic botanical names, films depicting native ritual use of plant inebriants, blowpipe demonstrations, and hands-on labs (using plant sources of grain, paper, caffeine, dyes, medicines, and tropical fruits). His composed and kindly persona combined with expressive eye gestures masked his exotic experiences and helped capture the imagination of the many students he inspired. In 1959, Schultes married Dorothy Crawford McNeil, an opera soprano who performed in Europe and the United States. They had three children, Richard Evans Schultes II, and twins Alexandra Ames Schultes Wilson and Neil Parker Schultes.〔 Schultes retired from Harvard in 1985.〔 He was a member of King's Chapel church in Boston.〔 Despite his Germanic surname he was an anglophile.〔 He would often vote for the Queen of England during presidential elections because he didn't support the American Revolution.〔D. James Romero, (The Father of Psychedelics? Just a Plant Guy ), ''Los Angeles Times'', October 20, 1996, Accessed March 11, 2015.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Richard Evans Schultes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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